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https://archive.org/details/prehistoricobjec01fowk 


Missouri  Historical  Society 

Department  of  Archaeology 

BULLETIN  I 

PREHISTORIC  OBJECTS 
CLASSIFIED  and  DESCRIBED 

By  GERARD  FOWKE 

Price  25  cents 

Published  by  the  SOCIETY 

Jefferson  Memorial  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


1913 


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Missouri  Historical  Society 

Department  of  Archaeology 


BULLETIN  I 


PREHISTORIC  OBJECTS 
CLASSIEIED  and  DESCRIBED 

By  GERARD  FOWKE 

Price  25  cents 

Published  by  the  SOCIETY 

Jefferson  Memorial  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


19  13 


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MISSOURI  ARCHAEOLOGY. 

The  object  of  the  following  paper  is  to  present  as  briefly 
as  possible  some  information  about  Missouri’s  primitive  in- 
habitants. 

The  general  tendency  is  to  regard  all  Indians  as  being  on 
the  same  plane;  to  consider  that  “an  Indian  is  an  Indian,  like 
any  other  Indian.”  This  is  a mistake:  there  was  the  same 
relative,  though  perhaps  not  the  same  actual,  difference  among 
individual  Indians  that  exists  among  whites.  Some  were 
treacherous,  and  cruel  as  savage  wild  beasts.  Others  were 
honorable,  grateful  for  kind  treatment,  and  ready  at  all  times 
to  make  personal  sacrifice  for  one  who  had  befriended  them. 

Each  tribe  or  community  had  to  sustain  itself.  There 
were  no  courts  nor  tribunals  to  which  disputes  could  be  re- 
ferred, and  when  quarrels  arose  war  was  the  only  alternative 
to  humble  submission.  The  barbarian’s  code  of  ethics  de- 
manded that  he  inflict  the  greatest  possible  loss  upon  an  enemy, 
and  suffer  but  little  in  return.  Any  methods  by  which  this  re- 
sult could  be  reached  were  considered  fair.  Consequently,  the 
weak  or  timid  were  destroyed  or  enslaved. 

From  what  we  can  learn  of  them,  it  seems  that  nearly  all 
Indians  of  the  eastern  United  States  were  given  to  roving 
from  place  to  place  as  the  whim  prompted  them.  Sometimes 
a tribe  would  remain  in  one  locality  for  perhaps  several  genera- 
tions, then  branch  off  in  colonies  which  sought  new  homes,  or 
remove  elsewhere  in  a body.  This  restless  feeling  led  the 
early  Indians  of  Missouri  to  divide  into  many  sub-tribes,  which 
presently  became  as  strangers  or  even  as  enemies  to  one  an- 
other. 

The  general  conditions  of  existence  among  Indians  who 
lived  mainly  by  agriculture  were  practically  the  same  that  pre- 
vailed among  those  whose  principal  dependence  was  upon  the 
chase.  But  in  details  there  was  much  difference  in  the  habits 


3 


of  the  two  classes.  Their  customs,  occupations,  and  particu- 
larly their  relations  with  neighboring  tribes,  took  form  from 
the  varying  modes  of  life.  The  pursuit  of  game  led  to  the 
hunting  of  men;  labor  in  cultivating  the  soil  developed  a cer- 
tain degree  of  respect  for  the  rights  of  others. 

The  Museum  collection  of  the  Missouri  Historical  Society 
shows,  as  far  as  can  be  shown  by  such  means,  the  degree  of 
culture  which  was  attained  along  these  lines  by  our  predeces- 
sors. Clay  vessels  and  large  digging-tools  denote  a residence 
in  somewhat  permanent  villages;  tomahawks,  arrowheads,  and 
spearheads  point  to  a hunting  life;  knives,  pipes,  and  articles 
for  display  or  personal  adornment  belong  equally  to  both  con- 
ditions. 

Careful  study  of  the  specimens  here  exhibited  will  show 
that  both  the  farming  and  the  hunting  Indians  were  well  repre- 
sented in  the  territory  surrounding  Saint  Louis.  But  the  two 
methods  of  life  were  not  necessarily  separate  and  distinct, 
either  in  a given  locality  or  at  a definite  period  of  time.  They 
often  existed  side  by  side ; and  there  were  also  periods  of  transi- 
tion when  they  merged  into  each  other,  or  when  a tribe  changed 
from  one  to  the  other  as  it  gradually  advanced  or  receded  in 
the  struggle  with  natural  forces  or  with  human  foes.  Many 
times,  no  doubt,  the  two  stages  followed  in  rotation  on  the 
same  ground  when  successive  migrations  swept  over  it,  as  wave 
after  wave,  each  independent  of,  yet  similar  to,  the  others, 
moved  along  the  surface  of  great  rivers  which  formed  the  In- 
dian’s highways  into  unknown  regions. 

THE  ABORIGINES. 

All  Indians  who  were  native  to  Missouri  at  the  time  the 
first  white  men  came  to  the  country  belonged  to  one  great 
family,  the  Siouan,  so  called  from  its  principal  modern  tribe, 
the  Sioux.  They  formerly  lived  along  the  Atlantic  Coast, 
whence  they  migrated  slowly  westward  by  way  of  the  Kanawha 
and  Ohio  valleys.  Upon  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river 
several  centuries  ago  they  divided.  One  branch,  the  Quapaws 
(“Down-stream”),  went  southward.  The  other  branch,  the 
Omaha  (“Up-stream”),  moved  northward. 


4 


They  lived  for  several  generations  on  and  near  the  site 
of  Saint  Louis.  At  that  time  the  “American  Bottom”  lay 
mostly  on  the  western  side  of  the  Mississippi.  This  river,  be- 
low the  Missouri,  followed  closely  the  foot  of  the  Illinois  bluffs, 
east  of  Cahokia  Mound,  thus  forming  a level  area  three  or  four 
miles  wide  as  a fringe  to  the  Missouri  upland.  The  combina- 
tion of  fertile  land,  numerous  streams,  and  broken  country, 
made  the  region  an  ideal  location  for  Indians.  But  their  roving 
spirit  prevailed,  and  they  gradually  followed  diverging  streams 
toward  the  west  and  north  into  the  regions  where  the  whites 
found  them,  subdividing  as  they  went,  into  various  tribes,  the 
Missouris,  Osages,  Kaws  (Kansas),  lowas,  Otoes,  and  others, 
one  of  which  still  retains  the  name  “Omaha”. 

MISSOURI,  MOUNDS. 

The  large  mounds  in  the  vicinity  of  Saint  Louis  and  those 
of  southeastern  Missouri  seem  to  have  been  constructed  be- 
fore the  Siouan  tribes  came  west.  Who  these  Mound  Builders 
were  is  not  known;  but  they  were  probably  offshoots  or  colo- 
nies from  tribes  on  the  lower  Mississippi.  The  mounds  in  other 
portions  of  Missouri  are  small,  though  quite  numerous  in  some 
sections.  Many  of  those  along  the  bluffs  of  the  Missouri  river 
and  a few  of  its  tributaries  contain  vaults  or  chambers  made 
of  flat  stones  laid  up  like  the  walls  of  a cellar.  These  are  often 
called  “underground  houses”,  but  they  were  intended  solely  for 
burial  purposes.  No  mounds  with  similar  vaults  have  been  re- 
ported from  any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

As  every  object  yet  obtained  from  these  vault  mounds  is 
clearly  of  Indian  manufacture,  the  structures  must  be  older 
than  the  period  of  earliest  French  or  Spanish  exploration. 
Thorough  examination  of  more  than  fifty  of  them  disclosed  hun- 
dreds of  decayed  skeletons- as  well  as  the  ashes  of  hundreds  of 
bodies  which  were  cremated  before  burial.  Every  article  pos- 
sible to  preserve  that  was  found  during  these  excavations  may 
be  seen  in  cases  6 and  8.(i) 

(*) — A full  report  of  these  explorations  appears  in  a little  volume 
entitled  “Antiquities  of  Central  and  Southeastern  Missouri”,  published  as 
Bulletin  37  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Washington,  D.  C. 


5 


INDIAN  LIFE. 


Among  Indians  of  the  central  Mississippi  valley  continual 
struggle  with  hardship  and  privation  was  the  price  of  exist- 
ence. Even  amid  comparatively  favorable  surroundings  merely 
to  live  was  a problem  for  old  and  young  alike.  Though  many 
children  were  born,  families  were  generally  small,  as  only  the 
healthiest  or  those  who  received  better  care  than  the  average 
could  hope  to  reach  maturity.  A large  majority  of  remains 
found  in  the  burial  places  are  those  of  young  children.  Con- 
fronted from  infancy  to  old  age  with  inclement  winters  in  cold 
wigwams;  alternate  gluttony  and  starvation;  improper  treat- 
ment in  sickness  or  accident;  perils  of  the  chase;  helplessness 
in  time  of  epidemic;  attacks  of  foes; — their  lives  were  never 
secure  for  a day.  Their  revengeful  disposition,  leading  to  con- 
stant warfare,  prevented  the  formation  of  settled  communities. 
Nor  could  they  have  risen  higher  in  the  social  scale,  for  they 
had  no  large  domestic  animals  and  they  knew  nothing  of  iron. 

In  such  manner  of  living  no  people  can  become  numerous. 
A large  town  can  not  be  supplied  with  animal  food  when  hunt- 
ers must  go  into  the  wilderness  to  find  it.  Their  crude  imple- 
ments prohibited  extended  agriculture.  Clearing  land  for  cul- 
tivation with  no  aids  except  fire  and  sharpened  stones  or  pointed 
sticks,  was  a dispiriting  task.  Driftwood,  fallen  branches  from 
the  forest,  or  pieces  from  dead  logs,  formed  the  only  fuel.  Fire 
was  obtained  by  rubbing  a piece  of  wood  back  and  forth  in  a 
groove  or  rotating  it  in  a depression  in  another  piece;  with 
either  method  the  motion  must  be  sufficiently  rapid  and  con- 
tinuous to  produce  a fine  powder  and  bring  this  to  such  heat 
by  the  friction  that  it  would  ignite.  Food  was  baked  by  cover- 
ing it  with  ashes  and  hot  coals;  or  roasted  by  impaling  it  on 
the  end  of  a stick  and  holding  it  near  the  fire ; or  boiled  in  pots. 
As  few  of  the  pots  could  stand  direct  exposure  to  fire,  the  food 
was  placed  in  them,  with  water,  heated  stones  thrown  in,  and 
the  vessel  tightly  covered.  For  cutting  meat,  slivers  of  cane 
and  sharpened  shells  as  well  as  flint  knives  were  used.  The 
bark  of  various  plants  was  twisted  and  made  into  cloth  with 
several  patterns  of  weaving;  but  as  the  cross  threads  had  to  be 


6 


passed  by  hand  the  process  was  tedious,  and  so  skins  were 
mostly  used  for  clothing  and  shelter.  Pelts  could  be  tanned 
with  or  without  the  hair.  Deer  skins  were  dressed  as  soft  as 
fine  cloth.  In  sewing,  small  holes  were  made  with  flint  or  bone 
awls  or  thorns,  and  threads  of  sinew,  rawhide,  or  fiber  passed 
from  side  to  side. 

Such  elementary  methods  represent  the  highest  develop- 
ment of  Indian  life  in  Missouri.  The  primitive  weapons,  tools, 
and  implements  prevented  attainment  of  better  results. 

WROUGHT  OBJECTS. 

The  archaeological  collection  of  the  Missouri  Historical  So- 
ciety contains  practically  every  form  of  prehistoric  relic  found 
within  a radius  of  a hundred  miles  around  Saint  Louis.  Typical 
specimens  are  shown  in  the  main  room;  there  are  others  in  the 
basement.  Pottery  presents  an  almost  infinite  variation  in  de- 
tails; but  nearly  every  distinctive  shape  occurring  in  the  State 
is  displayed  in  the  upright  cases.  Other  objects,  including 
some  that  are  modern,  are  in  the  flat  cases.  A few  articles 
from  foreign  sources  are  also  shown. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  INDUSTRIES. 

The  character  of  prehistoric  art  in  any  particular  locality 
and  the  degree  of  perfection  attained  in  its  elaboration  depend 
largely  upon  the  materials  readily  accessible.  For  instance, 
where  clay  of  suitable  tenacity  and  working  quality  exists,  the 
manufacture  of  pottery  will  predominate  over  other  industries; 
where  flint  of  close  grain,  free  from  impurities,  is  easily  pro- 
cured, the  art  of  chipping  will  reach  its  highest  development; 
where  osier  willows  and  strong  grasses  grow  plentifully,  ar- 
tisans will  excel  in  basket  making.  So  with  other  substances; 
whatever  is  most  abundant  and  most  suitable  for  working  will 
be  most  freely  utilized  and  most  skillfully  wrought. 

Throughout  the  region  around  Saint  Louis  there  is  an 
abundance  of  hard  tough  stones,  as  granites,  diorites,  and  the 
like,  which  were  carried  from  the  north  by  glaciers;  conse- 
quently there  are  many  grooved  axes,  tomahawks,  corn  crush- 
ers, and  other  implements  used  as  weapons  and  tools  in  war, 
hunting,  or  for  domestic  occupations. 


7 


Because  of  the  extreme  hardness  of  flint  it  is  sometimes 
insisted  that  Indians  must  have  had  a metal  much  harder  than 
steel  with  which  they  “cut  out”  arrowheads  and  other  imple- 
ments. The  statement  is  frequently  made,  also,  that  some  early 
races  had  learned  how  to  “temper”  copper  to  the  required  de- 
gree. Neither  is  correct.  No  such  “lost  art”  ever  existed  in 
any  part  of  the  world. 

There  are  two  general  methods  of  shaping  stone  objects: 
pecking,  and  flaking  or  chipping.  Both  processes  are  often  em- 
ployed on  the  same  stone.  The  first  method,  in  which  a rough 
block  is  brought  to  the  desired  form  by  blows  with  a stone 
hamm.er,  is  usually  resorted  to  in  stone  other  than  flint.  To 
remove  the  marks  left  by  the  hammer,  the  specimen  is  rubbed 
down  with  grit-rock.  In  the  second  method,  mostly  applied  to 
flint,  a stone  hammer  may  be  used  to  strike  off  spalls  until  the 
block  is  reduced  nearly  to  the  desired  form ; but  the  implement 
is  completed  by  pressing  off  flakes  and  chips,  usually  with  bone 
tools. 

It  would  naturally  be  supposed  that  to  peck  out  a stone 
ax,  for  example,  using  no  other  tool  than  a hammer  of  similar 
material,  would  require  much  time  and  infinite  patience.  But 
at  the  National  Museum,  with  only  jasper  hammers  for  shap- 
ing and  quartzites  for  smoothing,  a block  of  nephrite,  the 
hardest  and  toughest  rock  known,  was  converted  into  a well- 
formed  ax,  grooved  and  polished,  in  sixty-six  hours  of  actual 
working  time.  From  another  rock,  a little  softer  than  granite, 
a grooved  ax  was  completed  in  two  hours.  An  Indian  has  been 
seen  to  make  a symmetrical  arrowpoint  or  knife  of  flint  in  from 
five  to  ten  minutes;  a rougher  but  serviceable  one  in  a minute 
or  two. 

A rough  implement  would  seem  to  be  of  greater  antiquity 
than  one  which  is  finely  finished.  But  a workman  possessing 
the  skill  to  make  beautiful  articles  might  not  choose  to  exercise 
it  on  every  piece.  Crude  work  has  always  prevailed  every- 
where. The  small  proportion  of  artistic  specimens,  as  com- 
pared with  the  vastly  greater  number  of  rougher  ones,  so  far 
from  having  any  bearing  on  the  age  of  either,  probably  means 


8 


that  relatively  few  persons  in  a tribe  were  capable  of  doing 
fine  work.  At  any  stage  of  existence  an  implement  or  utensil 
will  be  hastily  made  to  meet  an  emergency.  A hunter  or  war- 
rior who  finds  himself  without  a weapon,  or  a woman  who  has 
no  kettle,  will  not  waste  any  time  in  carefully  finishing  a stone, 
or  molding  a clay  pot,  when  both  know  that  a much  better  ar- 
ticle made  of  iron  can  soon  be  procured  from  a trader.  So 
rude  specimens,  especially  those  sometimes  called  “paleoliths”, 
may  be  quite  recent  instead  of  very  ancient. 

Missouri  is  especially  rich  in  hematite  iron  ore ; and  we 
find  it  worked  into  forms  surpassing  in  numbers,  varieties,  and 
size,  articles  of  this  material  elsewhere.  The  most  extensive 
aboriginal  mine  of  this  ore  known  is  in  Franklin  county,  where 
a great  amount  of  it  was  quarried  for  making  paint,  as  well  as 
for  implements. 

The  Lower  Carboniferous  limestones  of  Missouri  and  Illinois 
contain  immense  deposits  of  flint  or  chert  suitable  for  flaking; 
and  where  the  weathering  of  the  bed  rock  released  this  it  was 
easily  obtained  by  the  Indians.  Large  hoes  and  spades  are 
made  of  it,  while  the  delicately  wrought  knives,  spears,  and 
symmetrical  ceremonial  implements  chipped  from  the  finer 
grades  are  unrivaled  except  in  a few  localities  where  obsidian 
or  agate-like  stone  is  to  be  had. 

In  southeast  Missouri  the  above  substances  are  lacking, 
but  the  clay  of  that  region  is  excellent  for  the  manufacture  of 
pottery,  and  vessels  of  manifold  patterns  are  found  more  plenti- 
fully there  than  anywhere  else  in  the  country,  unless  in  the 
Pueblo  villages  of  the  southwest. 

Copper,  thick  shell,  and  slate  or  other  stone  used  for  pipes 
or  ornamental  objects,  are  almost  entirely  absent  from  the 
State  and  the  comparatively  few  specimens  found,  made  of  such 
substances,  are  mostly  of  foreign  origin. 

Some  authors  and  collectors  contend  that  relics  obtained 
from  mounds  surpass  in  beauty  and  finish  those  gathered  from 
the  surface.  This  assertion  is  entirely  incorrect.  Many  ar- 
ticles of  perishable  substances  which  would  soon  decay  were 
they  not  protected  by  the  covering  of  earth,  have  been  exhumed 


9 


from  mounds;  but  nothing  which  implies  a higher  stage  of  ar- 
tistic development  than  is  known  to  have  existed  in  various 
modern  tribes.  In  durable  material,  such  as  stone,  no  distinc- 
tion exists  between  the  two  classes. 

QUANTITY  OF  SPECIMENS. 

The  most  remarkable  fact  about  aboriginal  relics  is  their 
great  abundance.  Collectors  go  over  the  same  fields  year  after 
year,  seldom  failing  to  find  something  worth  preserving.  Wher- 
ever Indians  have  lived  the  clearing  away  of  a forest,  the  cul- 
tivation of  an  old  meadow,  discloses  a new  source  of  supply. 
Even  in  rugged  country,  remote  from  any  spot  fit  for  settle- 
ment, not  only  weapons  of  the  chase,  but  various  objects  of 
personal  use  or  ornament  occur  in  quantity. 

This  profusion  may  be  explained  in  several  ways.  Primi- 
tive people,  like  some  individuals  in  civilized  communities,  are 
often  reluctant  to  use  any  small  article  wiiose  original  owner 
is  dead,  or  at  least  has  recently  died,  lest  the  “spirit”  may  re- 
sent it.  Persons  whose  time  or  labor  is  of  slight  value,  or  who 
have  nothing  beyond  bare  necessities,  are  usually  careless  of 
the  little  tney  do  possess.  Many  specimens  were  lost  in  the 
fields  and  forests;  many  others  were  thrown  away  with  the 
refuse  about  the  houses.  When  a village  was  destroyed  or  de- 
serted all  that  was  left  in  it  would  presently  be  buried  by  natural 
accumulation  of  soil  or  vegetation.  Superstition  or  childish 
petulance  also  had  much  to  do  with  the  matter.  An  arrow  that 
had  killed  a deer,  a hook  that  had  caught  a large  fish,  would 
be  highly  prized  as  “lucky”;  while  one  which  failed  of  its  pur- 
pose would  be  thrown  away  or  broken  in  punishment.  Indif- 
ference to  future  wants;  personal  skill  in  making  needed  ar- 
ticles ; convenience  to  those  who  had  them  for  sale : — are  further 
reasons  why  a barbarian  will  procure  a new  weapon  rather 
than  look  for  an  old  one.  Moreover,  these  conditions  have  pre- 
vailed throughout  the  thousands  of  years  during  which  the 
country  has  probably  been  inhabited. 

The  worked  objects  will  now  be  described. 


10 


ABORIGINAL  WORKED  OBJECTS. 


AXES,  ADZES,  AND  CELTS. 

The  principal  difference  between  an  ax  and  a celt  is  that 
the  ax  has  a groove  around  it  for  securing  the  handle,  while 
the  celt  is  usually  regular  in  outline.  Though  both  forms  vary 
greatly  in  size,  the  average  ax  is  larger  than  the  average  celt. 
The  term  “celt”  (which  means  “chisel”,  though  very  few  celts 
have  the  slightest  resemblance  to  a chisel)  has  now  come  into 
general  use ; but  the  name  “hatchet”  or  the  Indian  name  “toma- 
hawk” would  be  preferable.  An  ax  rarely  has  two  grooves; 
while  both  axes  and  celts  sometimes  have  a cutting  edge  at 
each  end.  The  names  of  the  different  parts  of  these  implements 
are  indicated  in  figure  1. 

Grooved  axes,  though  never  found 
in  mounds,  are  abundant  on  the  sur- 
face in  the  central  States,  gradually  di- 
minishing in  numbers  toward  the  east 
and  west.  They  are  rather  rare  in 
other  countries.  Celts,  however,  are 
frequent  in  mounds  and  occur  in  every 
part  of  the  world.  ‘ 

The  most  common  method  of  halt- 
ing axes  and  cel.ts  was  to  twist  a withe 
of  tough  wood  around  the  body  of  the 
implement  and  secure  it  with  rawhide 
or  sinew,  which  binds  like  wire.  Some- 
times a small  branch  was  split,  a celt 
inserted,  and  left  until  the  wood  had 
grown  firmly  around  it.  One  such 
specimen,  of  unknown  age,  in  the  origi- 
nal handle,  is  in  case  4. 

Some  tools  resembling  these  were 
intended  to  be  used  as  adzes.  They  have  one  face  convex,  the 
opposite  one  flat,  and  in  proportion  to  their  other  dimensions 
are  much  longer  than  axes  or  celts.  In  halting  an  adze  the 
edge  was  set  at  right  angles  to  the  handle. 


Figure  I 

A,  top;  B,  poll  or  head;  C, 
groove;  D,  blade;  E,  edge;  F, 
back;  G,  front. 


II 


Examples  of  all  these  specimens,  some  of  them  hafted  to 
show  how  it  was  done,  can  be  seen  in  cases  2,  4,  and  12.  (See 
plates  iii,  iv  and  vi.) 

It  would  seem  impossible  to  do  any  but  the  crudest  work 
with  stone  axes  and  adzes;  but  we  have  abundant  evidence 
that  primitive  peoples  in  many  parts  of  the  world  used  them 
to  cut  timber,  split  and  dress  boards,  and  make  canoes  which 
would  carry  fifty  or  more  men  in  rough  water.  Trees  were 
felled  by  applying  fire  near  the  root  and  cutting  away  the  char- 
coal as  the  fire  burned  deeper,  a plaster  of  mud  preventing  the 
flame  from  extending  higher  than  it  was  needed.  By  the  same 
means  logs  were  cut  into  desired  lengths  and  hollowed  into 
canoes  and  mortars.  Much  other  work  was  done  with  these 
tools  and  with  similar  ones  made  of  heavy  shells. 

PITTED  STONES  AND  HAMMER  STONES. 

The  most  abundant  of  larger  implements  are  water-worn 
pebbles  with  a pit  on  each  face  varying  from  a slight  roughen- 
ing of  the  surface  to  a hollow  pecked  half  an  inch  deep.  The 
material  varies,  but  is  mostly  a gritty  sandstone.  They  are 
very  plentiful  around  village-sites  and  may  have  served  to  some 
extent  for  hammers,  though  their  principal  use  was  to  pound 
tough  meat  and  break  upi  bones  for  obtaining  the  marrow. 

Hammers,  which  are  also  numerous,  show  every  stage  of 
work  from  the  scarcely  altered  pebble  or  rough  fragment  to 
the  highly  polished  round  ball,  and  the  slender  double-pointed 
ovoid.  They  are  usually  of  the  hardest  available  stone;  and 
while  used  in  their  earlier  stages  merely  as  tools  to  fashion 
other  implements  they  were  assigned  to  specific  uses  of  their 
own  when  completed,  most  commonly  for  club  heads.  Some 
are  grooved  for  hafting;  ungrooved  forms  were  fastened  to  a 
handle  by  a covering  of  leather  or  rawhide.  Specimens  (mod- 
ern) are  in  case  30. 

Stones  roughly  grooved  were  also  used  to  sink  nets  in 
fishing. 

Hammers  and  pitted  stones  are  shown  in  cases  14  and  18. 
(See  No.  3,  plate  xiii.) 


12 


GRINDING  AND  POLISHING  STONES. 

Grit-rock,  quartzite,  and  sandstone,  in  varying  degrees  of 
fineness,  were  used  to  smooth  stone,  wood,  shell,  bone,  and 
whatever  else  required  such  finish.  A few  examples  are  placed 
in  case  18.  Hard  smooth  stones  served  a similar  purpose  in 
the  manufacture  of  pottery. 

CUPSTONES. 

Next  in  number  to  pitted  stones  and  hammers  are  the  ob- 
jects known  as  cupstones.  It  is  a singular  fact  that  although 
these  are  found  in  great  plenty  in  every  part  of  the  world  no 
one  has  yet  offered  a satisfactory  explanation  of  their  purpose. 
They  are  almost  invariably  of  reddish  sandstone,  varying  from 
a few  ounces  to  thirty  or  forty  pounds  in  weight,  and  are  al- 
ways unworked  except  for  the  cups.  The  latter  are  hemispheri- 
cal depressions  from  one  to  twenty-five  in  number,  of  various 
sizes  even  in  the  same  stone,-  though  seldom  more  than  two 
inches  in  diameter,  and  follow  the  natural  contour  of  the  stone 
even  when  this  is  quite  irregular.  Flat  or  thin  slabs  have  the 
cups  on  both  sides,  while  blocks  or  thick  pieces  have  them  on 
only  one  side.  Because  they  are  found  in  great  numbers  on 
the  sites  of  old  villages  it  is  supposed  they  were  used  to  crack 
nuts  on;  to  steady  spindles  in  weaving;  to  contain  tinder  in 
making  fire  with  a twirling  stick;  and  in  connection  with  vari- 
ous other  domestic  occupations.  But  they  are  also  found  in 
abundance  in  situations  where  none  of  these  explanations  will 
apply.  Moreover,  for  every  cupstone  which  will  support  any 
given  theory  there  are  a hundred  others  which  will  contra- 
dict it. 

One  is  shown  in  case  20;  the  opposite  side  of  this  is  a 
mortar. 

MORTARS  AND  PESTLES. 

Various  grains,  either  wild  or  cultivated,  and  many  kinds 
of  nuts  and  seeds,  were  used  as  food  by  Indians,  being  made 
into  bread  or  mixed  with  other  substances  in  cooking.  They 
were  crushed  and  ground  into  meal  with  mortars  and  pestles; 
which  were  sometimes  of  wood,  though  usually  of  stone.  Sand- 
stone of  medium  grain  was  the  most  common  material  for  mor- 


13 


tars.  Sometimes  the  depression  in  them  is  long  and  shallow, 
as  if  a rubbing-stone  was  employed;  again,  the  cavity  is  so 
deep  that  only  a pestle  could  be  used  with  it. 

Pestles  are  generally  of  granite  or  other  hard  rock  pecked 
into  shape  convenient  for  a firm  grasp.  The  forms  most  com- 
mon are  those  with  a tapering  or  cylindrical  handle  and  ex- 
panding base;  and  those  which  are  uniformly  conical  or  cylin- 
drical. In  either  type  the  base  may  be  flat,  or  convex,  or  a 
curved  plane.  Any  form  of  base  may  be  smooth  from  rubbing 
back  and  forth  or  with  a rotary  motion;  or  rough  from  being 
used  for  pounding.  A rolling  or  rocking  motion  was  probably 
given  to  those  having  a curved  base. 

Another  form  of  corn  crusher,  the  muller,  has  a round  or 
elliptical  outline,  with  one  side  flat,  the  other  convex.  As  grind- 
ers, these  were  equally  serviceable  in  a hollowed  mortar  or  on 
a flat  stone.  The  roughened  perimeter  of  many  indicates  that 
the  muller  was  a hammer  or  a pestle  as  the  occasion  demanded. 

Mullers  and  pestles  are  shown  in  case  18,  mortars  in  case 
20.  (See  plate  iv.) 

PERFORATED  STONES. 

Large  perforated  stones  are  almost  unknown  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley;  but  they  were  used  in  many  other  parts  of  the 
world  as  sinkers  for  nets;  heads  for  war,  hunting,  and  fish- 
killing clubs ; pestles  and  grinding  stones ; meat  and  bone  crush- 
ers; weights  for  digging-sticks,  hoes,  or  spades.  Small  ones 
were  for  weights  on  spindles  and  fire-sticks;  and  the  smallest 
for  counters  in  games,  or  for  buttons,  being  attached  with  knot- 
ted cords  to  the  garments. 

A few  may  be  seen  in  case  14. 

PIPES  AND  TUBES. 

It  is  said  that  modern  Indian  tribes  have  a separate  pipe 
for  every  occasion;  as  a peace  pipe,  council  pipe,  medicine  pipe, 
pipe  for  ordinary  smoking,  and  so  on,  each  being  reserved  for 
its  own  particular  purpose.  If  this  statement  be  correct  it  will 
help  to  explain  the  almost  endless  variety  of  form  and  decora- 
tion found  in  these  objects. 


14 


Certain  forms  seem  to  prevail  in  certain  districts;  for 
example,  the  Ohio  Mound  Builders,  the  Cherokees,  the  Sioux, 
each  made  pipes  which,  however  different  they  may  be  among 
themselves,  yet  have  a distinctive  appearance  which  enables  the 
collector  to  assign  to  their  proper  place  many  specimens  of 
whose  history  he  is  ignorant.  From  southeast  Missouri  and 
central  Kentucky  southward  very  large  pipes  of  peculiar  forms 
occur;  some  are  plain,  others  are  effigies  of  bird,  animal,  or 
human  figures. 

Pipes  are  made  of  every  material  from  soft  clay,  burned, 
to  quartz  crystal;  and  the  amount  of  work  on  some  of  them 
shows  they  were  among  the  most  cherished  possessions  of  their 
owners. 

Besides  pipes,  the  Indians  used  tubes  for  tobacco  holders; 
though  the  latter  also  served  for  other  purposes,  especially  for 
bleeding  or  cauterizing  in  treatment  of  diseases.  By  setting 
one  end  over  a puncture  in  the  skin  and  sucking  vigorously 
at  the  other  end  blood  could  be  drawn  safely ; while  by  similarly 
placing  the  tube  and  filling  it  with  hot  water  or  live  coals 
blisters  could  be  induced. 

The  pipes  and  tubes  in  the  Museum  are  not  numerous,  but 
they  present  a considerable  array  of  types,  as  may  be  seen  in 
case  24.  (See  plate  v and  No.  4,  plate  xiii.) 

A few  from  mounds  along  the  Missouri  river  are  in  case  6 ; 
and  in  case  28  are  some  made  by  modern  Indians. 

DISCOIDALS. 

Much  has  been  written  concerning  discoidals;  but  we  still 
know  very  little  in  regard  to  their  functions.  They  exhibit  all 
stages  of  form  and  finish,  from  waterworn  pebbles  to  short 
cylinders;  to  polished  stones  concaved  on  both  sides,  some  of 
these  perforated  at  the  center;  and  finally  to  thin  rings.  The 
material  ranges  from  clay  or  steatite  to  quartz  and  jasper. 
They  occur  from  western  Missouri  to  the  Atlantic  but  are  most 
plentiful  in  the  region  traversed  by  the  lower  ranges  of  the 
Appalachians,  where  the  finest  specimens  are  found. 

A common  name  for  them  is  “chunkee  stones”,  from  the 
fact  that  nearly  all  Indian  tribes  of  the  United  States  used  a 


15 


stone  disk  or  ring,  or  a hoop  partially  covered  with  rawhide,  in 
a game  which  the  Southern  Indians  called  “Chung-kee”.  In  this 
game  the  stone  or  hoop  was  rolled  on  the  ground  and  at  a cer- 
tain point  spears  were  darted  at  it  by  the  players.  But  the 
brittleness  of  most  of  these  stones  and  the  great  amount  of 
labor  necessarily  expended  upon  the  finest  make  it  very  im- 
probable they  were  subjected  to  any  rough  usage. 

Discoidals  may  have  the  natural  surface  on  both  sides 
with  the  edge  worked  off  by  grinding  or  pecking,  the  latter 
marks  probably  produced  by  use  as  a hammer;  the  sides  may 
be  ground  down  while  the  edge  is  untouched;  the  sides  may 
be  pecked  and  the  edge  ground,  or  the  reverse.  Moreover,  these 
relics  merge  so  gradually  from  the  highly  polished  “chunkee 
stones”  into  mullers,  pestles,  pitted  stones,  hammers  (for  any 
or  all  of  which  purposes  they  may  have  been  employed  in  the 
course  of  their  manufacture) , ornaments,  and  the  perforated 
sinkers  and  club  heads,  that  no  dividing  lines  between  all  of 
these  forms  are  possible. 

Practically  every  form  of  discoidal  is  presented  in  case  22. 
(See  No.  1,  plate  xiii.) 


CEREMONIALS. 

Under  this  general  heading,  applied  because  of  their  sup- 
posed functions,  are  grouped  a great  number  and  variety  of 
objects  made  of  stone,  metal,  hematite,  shell,  bone,  and  clay. 
Bearing  a score  or  more  of  arbitrary  names,  they  are  classified 
by  various  writers  and  collectors  as  ornaments,  charms,  amu- 
lets, insignia  of  rank,  badges  of  authority,  or  anything  else  the 
namer  feels  disposed  to  call  them.  Some  were  evidently  sus- 
pended by  a cord ; others  seem  to  have  been  mounted  on  a staff ; 
still  others  give  no  hint  as  to  how  they  were  secured.  No  doubt 
each  form  had  a definite  meaning  among  the  people  who  used 
it,  just  as  society  pins,  badges,  epaulets,  or  other  marks  of 
rank  or  service  have  among  us;  a meaning  known  only  to  the 
initiated  or  the  instructed.  The  term  “ceremonial”  in  this  con- 
nection, has  been  well  defined  as  “a  good  word  to  express  our 
ignorance.” 


16 


The  most  convenient  general  division  of  polished  ceremo- 
nials is  into  gorgets,  bannerstones,  and  “miscellaneous”. 

Gorgets  are  flattened,  with  one  or  more  perforations 
through  the  shortest  diameter.  Those  with  one  perforation 
were  “pendants”  for  suspension;  others  were  probably  tied  to 
a robe  or  a garment. 

Bannerstones  are  perforated  from  end  to  end,  the  two 
halves  of  the  stone  usually  being  symmetrical,  though  one  face 
is  sometimes  more  curved  than  the  other.  Unperforated  speci- 
mens of  these  two  forms  are,  no  doubt,  for  the  most  part  un- 
finished. 

“Miscellaneous”  includes  boat-shape,  pick-shape,  spool- 
shape,  bird-shape,  and  others,  which  are  named  for  their  re- 
semblance to  the  things  indicated,  as  well  as  those  which  can 
only  be  thus  conveniently  classified.  (See  Nos.  7 and  8,  plate 
xiii.) 

Some  of  the  many  forms  are  exhibited  in  case  26.  These 
show  that  in  making  a ceremonial  the  stone  was  reduced  as 
much  as  possible  by  having  chips  and  flakes  struck  off  from  it 
with  a hammer;  brought  to  the  desired  form  by  pecking  with 
hammers  or  pointed  flints;  rubbed  with  coarse  grit-rock  to  re- 
move the  hammer  marks;  smoothed  with  a fine-grained  sand- 
stone; and  finally  polished,  probably  with  very  fine  sand  and  a 
piece  of  greasy  buckskin.  The  hole  was  usually  drilled  just  be- 
fore the  final  polishing. 

HEMATITE. 

The  hardness,  rich  color,  and  lustrous  polish,  of  hematite 
iron  ore,  made  it  a favorite  material  among  the  Indians  for 
objects  of  practical  use  as  well  as  for  ornaments  or  ceremonials. 
Celts  large  enough  for  tomahawks  are  frequent,  while  grooved 
axes  are  not  uncommon  in  this  region.  As  a rule,  however, 
hematite  celt-forms  attract  attention  principally  by  reason  of 
their  small  size  as  they  seldom  weigh  more  than  two  or  three 
ounces.  They  were  used  for  scraping  pelts,  or  for  cutting,  the 
blunt  end  being  firmly  set  in  a handle  of  wood  or  antler.  The 
celt  used  as  a knife  has  its  edge  along  the  central  plane,  while 


17 


the  scraper-celt,  used  like  a plane  or  adze,  has  its  edge  ground 
flat  toward  one  face,  giving  it  the  needed  bevel. 

Nearly  all  hematites,  of  whatever  character,  are  ground 
down  directly  from  the  nodule  or  concretion  though  sometimes 
a specimen  is  found  which  has  first  been  chipped  into  form 
and  then  rubbed  smooth.  The  powder  thus  formed  was  mixed 
with  grease  and  used  as  a paint.  At  least  one  site  is  known 
(in  Franklin  County,  Missouri),  where  a vast  amount  of  quar- 
rying was  done  to  procure  the  softer  grade  of  hematite  known 
as  ochre.  This  needed  no  further  preparation,  except  to  be 
mixed  with  water  or  oil.  Very  many  implements  were  also 
made  here. 

Various  forms  of  hematite  are  shown  in  case  16.  (See 
plate  vi.) 

PLUMMETS,  CONES  AND  HEMISPHERES. 

Plummets  are  so  called  from  their  resemblance  to  the 
weights  used  by  masons  and  carpenters ; of  course  Indians 
never  had  anything  to  “plumb”.  The  usual  shape  is  ovoid,  some 
being  very  slender,  others  nearly  round.  Most  of  them  have  a 
groove  or  a perforation  near  one  end.  They  seem  to  have  been 
charms  or  amulets,  valuable  aids  in  bringing  rain,  trapping 
game,  catching  fish,  and  ensuring  good  fortune  generally. 

Cones  and  hemispheres,  like  plummets,  are  named  simply 
from  their  form  and  not  from  any  known  or  imaginable  use. 
Hematite  was  much  in  demand  for  making  all  these  articles,  as 
it  was  for  the  small  celts;  though  other  materials  were  fre- 
quently utilized,  as  may  be  observed  in  case  16.  (See  plate  vi.) 

SPUDS. 

The  spade-like  pieces  commonly  known  as  “spuds”,  await 
an  explanation.  Most  of  them  are  too  fragile  and  soft  for  any 
practical  purpose.  Others  are  of  hard  stone  that  will  with- 
stand very  rough  usage.  Many  of  the  latter  show  striations 
such  as  would  be  caused  by  stripping  bark  from  trees,  dressing 
hides,  or  digging  in  the  earth — uses  which  have  been  attributed 
to  them.  But  their  symmetry,  scarcity,  and  high  polish,  would 
seem  to  put  them  in  the  ceremonial  class. 

There  is  a very  fine  specimen  in  case  12.  (See  plate  vii.) 


18 


CHIPPED  IMPLEMENTS. 

For  all  men  to  whom  iron  was  unknown  their  most  impor- 
tant possession  was  “flint” — a general  term  which  in  an  archaeo- 
logical sense  only,  includes  chalcedony,  jasper,  chert,  hornstone, 
basanite,  and  several  other  varieties  of  siliceous  stone.  With 
trifling  exceptions  all  that  occurs  in  Missouri  is  chert;  in 
southern  Illinois,  besides  chert  there  is  hornstone  and  white 
novaculite;  while  Arkansas  furnishes,  in  addition  to  all  these, 
colored  novaculite  and  quartz  crystal. 

Flint,  as  thus  defined,  is  abundant  in  the  lower  Coal  Meas- 
ure rocks  from  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  southward  to  Alabama, 
then  north  and  west  through  Missouri  and  Kansas;  it  is  some- 
times stratified  but  more  frequently  occurs  in  nodules  or 
concretions.  Beyond  the  limits  mentioned  it  is  rather  rare; 
quartz,  quartzite,  argillite,  rhyolite,  and  even  coarser  rocks  took 
its  place  to  a large  extent  in  the  East,  while  in  the  western 
States  obsidian  and  agate  were  mostly  used. 

As  flint  lying  on  or  near  the  surface  shatters  easily  and  so 
does  not  flake  well,  the  Indians  were  accustomed  to  dig  for  that 
which  was  protected  from  the  weather  by  a covering  of  earth. 
There  are  very  large  quarries  in  several  States;  the  most  ex- 
tensive in  this  region  being  in  Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  and 
in  Union  county,  Illinois. 

FLINT  WORKING. 

In  making  flint  implements,  a suitable  fragment  was  se- 
lected, and  spalls  were  struck  off  from  it  with  a stone  hammer. 
After  the  “blank”  or  core  was  reduced  as  much  as  possible  in 
this  manner,  flakes  and  chips  were  pressed  off  around  the  edge 
with  a tool  of  bone  or  antler,  or  the  tooth  of  an  animal,  until  the 
implement  was  completed.  Details  of  the  work  varied  accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  the  stone  or  the  use  for  which  it  was  in- 
tended. Very  thin  specimens  with  keen  edges  could  be  pro- 
duced thus;  and  when  they  became  dulled  were  readily  sharp- 
ened with  the  flaking  tool.  This  second  chipping  is  plainly  seen 
on  many  pieces. 

Spalls  or  large  flakes  were  often  serviceable  as  knives  or 


19 


scrapers  without  further  preparation ; though  they  usually  show 
re-chipping  along  the  edges  or  have  notches  for  securing  them 
to  handles  or  shafts.  Slender  flakes  with  keen  points  and  edges 
sharp  as  broken  glass  made  good  lancets  and  razors,  or  when 
set  into  a slender  bone  or  piece  of  wood  were  used  as  harpoons 
or  hooks  in  catching  fish. 

Hatchets  or  tomahawks,  picks,  chisels,  and  v/edges,  were 
often  made  of  flint.  Some  are  shown  in  case  13.  (See  plate  vii.) 

In  making  large  implements  such  as  disks,  hoes,  or  spades, 
the  flaking  was  done  with  heavy  stone  hammers;  but  instead  of 
striking  the  block  directly,  a piece  of  wood,  bone,  or  other  tough 
material  was  usually  interposed  in  order  to  better  control  the 
course  of  the  fracture. 

FLINT  DISKS. 

From  a small  mound  in  Ohio  more  than  8,000  large  flint 
disks  were  taken.  In  Illinois,  more  than  6,000  were  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a mound  thirty  feet  high ; and  two  lots,  one  of  1,500,  the 
other  of  3,500,  were  buried  in  pits  five  feet  deep  but  with  no 
mound  over  them.  Specimens  from  each  deposit  are  shown  in 
case  47.  They  range  from  three  to  eight  inches  in  length,  with 
varying  breadth,  some  nearly  circular,  some  with  the  length 
twice  the  width.  Scarcely  any  of  those  from  Ohio  bear  the 
slightest  indication  of  use ; but  many  from  Illinois  have  blunted 
edges,  or  secondary  chipping  which  suggest  wear  and  re-sharp- 
ening. 

Hundreds  of  such  deposits,  some  containing  less  than  a 
dozen,  some  yielding  several  hundred  pieces,  have  been  un- 
earthed in  various  parts  of  the  country;  a few  in  mounds,  but 
most  of  them  buried  in  the  natural  earth. 

Archaeologists  are  undecided  whether  to  regard  these 
disks  as  unfinished  specimens  or  as  a kind  of  offering  or  sacri- 
fice. The  great  care  exercised  in  the  burial  of  some  of  the 
deposits  and  the  size  of  the  mound  erected  over  them  favor  the 
latter  theory. 

Perhaps  the  true  explanation  is  that  most  of  them  belonged 
to  workers  in  flint  who  buried  them  until  there  was  a call  for 


20 


such  ware;  or  that  when  their  possessor  died  they  were  in- 
terred with  him  in  the  belief  that  whatever  a man  owns  is  his, 
whether  he  be  living  or  dead,  and  no  one  else  has  any  right 
to  it. 

The  smaller  oval  or  triangular  pieces  so  often  buried  in 
large  numbers,  were  undoubtedly  placed  thus  for  the  purpose 
of  keeping  them  in  workable  condition  until  there  was  a demand 
for  them;  notches  could  then  be  madb  in  any  manner  desired. 

A few  such  “blanks”  are  shown  in  case  43. 

THE  MONTEZUMA  DISKS. 

In  case  45  are  nearly  1,200  chert  disks  found  at  the 
bottom  of  a mound  28  feet  high  at  Montezuma,  Illinois.  With 
them  were  many  large  bone  perforators  ; all  were  in  connection 
with  human  skeletons  enclosed  in  a vault  made  of  logs.  Many 
of  these  specimens  are  quite  ready  for  any  ordinary  use ; others 
are  roughly  finished.  If  this  fact  has  any  significance  at  all  it 
supports  the  idea  they  were  the  personal  property  of  individuals 
entombed  here.  (See  plate  viii.) 

HOES  AND  SPADES. 

The  popular  idea  that  Indians  lived  entirely  by  hunting, 
fishing,  and  gathering  the  spontaneous  products  of  the  earth,  is 
true  of  only  a few.  Most  tribes  depended  more  or  less  upon 
agriculture  for  subsistence. 

In  cases  1,  3 and  5,  may  be  seen  a fine  collection  of  hoes  and 
spades  which  were  used  in  cultivating  the  soil.  Thousands  of 
these  objects  have  been  found  throughout  the  area  including 
eastern  Missouri,  the  lower  Wabash  valley,  central  Mississippi, 
and  southern  Arkansas.  Most  of  them  are  made  of  chert  from 
Union  county,  Illinois,  where  car  loads  of  spalls  and  unfinished 
pieces  remain  on  the  old  workshops;  though  the  material  of 
which  some  of  them  are  made  occurs  in  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Cumberland.  (See  plates  viii  and  ix  and  No.  6,  plate  xiii.) 

It  is  probable  that  spades,  like  disks  and  small  oval  blades, 
were  usually  individual  property,  intended  for  sale.  In  the 
region  where  they  are  most  plentiful  caches  of  them  are  often 
discovered. 


21 


The  most  common  form  of  spade  has  an  oval  outline  with 
rounded  or  pointed  ends.  Hoes  are  usually,  but  not  always, 
side-notched  to  permit  firmer  lashing  of  a handle. 

In  most  parts  of  the  country  there  is  no  stone  suitable  for 
such  tools,  so  recourse  was  had  to  wood,  large  flat  bones,  and 
tortoise  or  turtle  or  mussel  shells.  These,  being  perishable,  have 
mostly  disappeared. 

KNIVES,  SPEAR  HEADS  AND  ARROW  HEADS. 

In  a collection  of  small  “flints”,  as  they  are  generically 
termed,  there  appear  to  be  almost  as  many  shapes  as  specimens, 
no  two  or  them  being  exactly  alike.  Yet  there  are  only  a few 
distinct  types,  and  all  these  are  evolved  from  two  simple  forms 
— the  pointed  oval  or  “leaf-shape”,  and  the  triangular.  These 
may  be  modified  to  make  two  intermediate  forms;  that  is  a 
blade  with  curved  edges  may  have  a straight  base,  or  one  with 
straight  edges  may  have  a curved  base,  as  shown  in  figure  2. 

From  these  four  patterns  all  the  small  flint  implements  may 
be  fashioned  with  a few  touches  of  the  flaking  implement ; some 
forms  are  illustrated  in  figure  3. 

This  will  be  made  plain  by  filling  the  notches  with  wax,  or 
by  drawing  an  outline  of  the  object  without  regard  to  the  in- 
dentations. As  any  one  of  the  four  primary  forms  may  be 
firmly  fastened  in  a shaft  or  handle,  notches  do  not  seem  to  be 
strictly  necessary;  perhaps  in  some  cases  their  shape,  size,  or 
position,  would  serve  to  identify  the  tribe  or  person  to  whom 
the  implement  belonged. 

The  various  parts  of  flint  implements  are  designated  by 
certain  terms  as  shown  in  figure  4. 

Only  the  smaller  pointed  flints,  two  inches  or  less  in  length, 
like  those  shown  in  cases  17,  27  and  37,  could  be  used  as  ar- 
rowpoints.  There  is  a limit  to  the  strength  which  a man  can 
exert  in  drawing  a bow,  and  a slender  or  small  projectile  will 
penetrate  the  body  of  an  animal  whose  thick  hide  would  be 
proof  against  a larger  one  propelled  with  the  same  force.  The 
heavier  specimens  were  for  spear-heads,  daggers,  and  knives. 

There  was  probably  a distinction  between  arrowheads  for 
different  purposes;  it  is  said  that  among  some  modern  tribes 


22 


war  arrows  were  slightly  fastened  so  they  would  remain  in 
the  wound  when  the  shaft  was  withdrawn;  while  hunting  ar- 
rows were  firmly  bound  in  order  that  they  might  be 


Figure  3 
23 


easily  pulled  out  and  used  again  without  remounting.  In  the 
latter,  the  shaft,  by  striking  against  weeds  and  bushes,  would 
cause  the  blade  to  lacerate  the  internal  organs,  thus  producing 
abundant  hemorrhage  and  quickly  exhausting  the  animal.  Slen- 
der flints  with  wide  base  or  long  barbs,  like  those  in  case  15, 
are  excellent  hunting  arrows  as  they  will  penetrate  deeply  and 
hold  firmly. 

BUNTS  AND  SCRAPERS. 

Arrowheads  with  the  forward  end  rounded  or  squared  in- 
stead of  pointed  and  with  the  edge  at  the  middle  of  the  blade 
were  for  stunning  or  killing  birds  or  small  animals  without 
injuring  the  plumage  or  fur.  Specimens  similar  in  outline  but 
with  the  edge  at  one  face  like  a chisel,  were  used  as  scrapers  for 
smoothing  wood,  cleaning  small  hides,  or  removing  scales  from 
fish.  Very  many  of  these  are  made  from  broken  arrowheads. 
Flakes  showing  no  marks  of  work  except  this  chisel-like  edge 
were  also  scrapers.  Both  bunts  and  scrapers  are  in  case  25. 

SERRATION  AND  BEVEL. 

The  serrated  or  saw-tooth  finish  on 
flints  has  no  significance  unless  it  is 
that  these  may  be  better  adapted  for 
cutting  some  substances  than  are 
smooth-edged  ones  of  the  same  general 
pattern.  The  serration  is  merely  the 
result  of  leaving  wider  spaces  between 
the  points  at  which  the  flaking  tool  is 
applied. 

Many  flints  have  the  edges  beveled 
at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees.  It  is 
commonly  supposed  this  is  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  them  a rotary  motion 
when  they  are  shot  from  a bow;  but 
very  few  of  this  type  are  small  enough 
for  arrow  points,  and,  besides,  the  rot- 
ary or  “rifling”  effect  is  usually  pro- 
duced by  binding  spiral  rows  of  feath- 
ers at  the  opposite  end  of  the  shaft. 

The  bevel  is  almost  invariably  to  the 


,'A 


A,  point;  B,  edge;  C,  face; 
D.  bevel;  E,  blade;  F,  tang; 
G,  stem;  H,  base;  I,  notch;  K, 
neck;  M,  barb  or  shoulder; 
N,  serration. 


24 


left;  when  the  flint  is  properly  hafted  and  held  in  the  right  hand 
this  shape  brings  it  into  correct  position  for  removing  the  hide  of 
an  animal.  Further,  the  blade  is  nearly  always  thick,  with  a 
strong  stem;  it  will  stand  rough  usage  and  can  be  forced  be- 
tween the  pelt  and  the  flesh  or  into  the  joints,  with  but  small 
risk  of  breaking.  So  these  implements  may  properly  be  called 
skinning  knives. 

Both  serrated  and  beveled  types  are  exhibited  in  case  25. 
(See  plate  xii.) 

PERFORATORS. 

Flints  with  slender  spike-like  blades  of  the  kind  shown  in 
case  15,  are  classified  as  drills,  awls,  needles,  etc.;  but  as  no 
specific  use  can  be  assigned  to  any  it  is  best  to  call  all  of  them 
perforators.  Those  with  sharp  fine  points  would  be  excellent 
for  making  holes  to  pass  threads  through  skin  or  leather;  but 
most  of  them  are  too  fragile  to  have  been  used  as  drills.  Slender 
pieces,  pointed  at  both  ends,  could  replace  hooks  in  fishing,  a 
line  being  attached  at  the  middle.  Widely  different  forms,  how- 
ever, from  awl-like  to  flat  thin  blades,  are  worked  and  polished 
on  points  and  edges  as  if  used  to  drill  stone.  Thick  strong  speci- 
mens with  triangular  or  diamond  section  are  well  adapted  for 
making  holes  in  shell,  slate,  and  material  of  similar  hardness. 
Holes  were  also  drilled  with  wood,  reed,  horn,  antler,  bone,  and 
copper,  with  sand  as  a cutting  medium.  A solid  drill  will  make 
a conical  hole  while  a tube  will  make  one  with  uniform  diameter. 
The  latter  is  more  rapid  in  operation  for  it  will  cut  a groove 
but  little  wider  than  its  own  thickness,  forming  a core  which 
falls  out  when  the  perforation  is  completed. 

Perforators  were  often  used  as  graving  tools;  shell,  bone, 
wood,  and  stone,  can  be  carved  into  very  intricate  and  delicate 
patterns  with  them.  The  largest  and  finest  may  have  been  worn 
as  ornaments.  (See  plate  xii.) 

CEREMONIAL  FLINTS. 

Large,  elaborately  wrought  objects  of  flint  or  similar  mate- 
rial, too  delicate  or  too  ornately  finished  for  practical  purposes, 
were  intended  for  display  or  for  use  on  formal  or  solemn  occa- 
sions. Some  of  these  are  shown  in  case  31.  (See  plate  xi.) 


25 


The  most  remarkable  articles  of  this  character  ever  found 
in  a single  deposit  are  those  in  case  41.  (See  plates  i and  ii.) 
There  were  46  pieces  in  a grave  in  Humphreys  county,  Ten- 
nessee. The  material  of  all  is  a grayish-brown  chert,  not  sus- 
ceptible of  such  delicate  chipping  as  chalcedony  or  agate.  The 
longest  specimen,  measuring  nearly  twenty-eight  inches  in  length 
from  point  to  point  is  by  far  the  finest  example  of  flint  chipping 
in  this  grade  of  stone  that  has  ever  been  discovered  anywhere. 

BONE. 

Bone,  including  in  this  term  horn,  antler,  and  teeth,  was 
abundantly  utilized  for  a great  variety  of  purposes.  . We  find 
arrowheads  and  spear  heads;  wedges,  celts,  and  other  tools; 
perforators  of  various  sizes  used  as  needles,  awls,  or  punches; 
fish  hooks ; hide  scrapers ; flakers  for  working  flint ; and  numer- 
ous forms  of  ornaments. 

A representative  collection  is  shown  in  case  34. 

SHELL. 

Primitive  peoples  found  that  many  needed  articles  could 
be  made  from  shells  of  different  sorts.  They  furnished  digging- 
tools  ; implements  for  hunting,  fighting,  or  fishing ; knives ; scra- 
pers; spoons;  tweezers;  and  other  objects  for  practical  use. 
They  were  also  carved  into  numerous  patterns  considered  suit- 
able for  personal  adornment,  which  by  trade  were  widely  dis- 
tributed. In  this  region,  however,  stone,  especially  flint,  is  so 
abundant  and  so  much  better  adapted  for  aboriginal  require- 
ments that  shell  was  neglected  except  for  making  small  orna- 
ments, mostly  beads,  and  “wampum”,  the  Indian  substitute  for 
money. 

The  specimens  belonging  to  the  Society,  shown  in  cases  32 
and  34,  are  mainly  from  graves  near  St.  Louis.  The  larger 
ones  are  mostly  from  ocean  shells. 

POTTERY. 

Indians,  no  less  than  whites,  early  learned  that  vessels  are 
a necessity.  As  pottery  is  so  easily  broken  some  tribes  were 
satisfied  with  simple  forms  crudely  made.  Others,  particularly 


26 


those  who  subsisted  largely  by  cultivating  the  soil,  seemed  to 
take  pride  in  devising  and  constructing  elaborate  patterns. 

In  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  shells  or  quartz  pebbles  were 
pounded  fine,  and  either,  but  never  both  in  the  same  mass,  were 
mixed  with  clay.  The  compound  was  thoroughly  kneaded, 
wrought  into  the  form  desired  which  varied  according  to  intended 
use,  and  decorations,  handles,  etc.,  pressed  on  where  wanted. 
Gourds,  rounded  blocks  of  wood,  stones,  or  masses  of  clay,  were 
sometimes  used  as  molds.  Vessels  with  constricted  neqk  or 
top  were  shaped  entirely  by  hand.  Cloth  was  frequently  pressed 
down  on  the  outside,  or  the  clay  was  patted  with  a cloth-covered 
paddle,  to  prevent  it  from  checking  or  cracking  while  drying; 
the  imprint  of  such  fabric  may  be  seen  on  many  vessels,  and 
was  no  doubt  smoothed  off  of  many  others.  Pebbles  or  smooth 
rounded  pieces  of  hard-burned  clay  were  used  for  shaping  and 
polishing  the  interior.  Stoppers  were  often  made  for  the  water 
bottles ; some  may  be  seen  in  case  40. 

Pottery  was  also  fashioned  by  working  the  clay  into  a roll 
of  uniform  diameter  and  building  this  up  as  a rope  is  coiled;  the 
coils  being  pinched  and  squeezed  together  until  they  were  com- 
pact, and  the  vessel  usually  made  smooth  before-  drying. 

American  Indians  knew  nothing  of  the  potter’s  wheel,  or 
of  the  art  of  glazing,  though  there  is  often  a polish  which  simu- 
lates it  closely.  Painting  with  ochre  or  other  coloring  matter 
was  common  in  southeast  Missouri  and  in  Arkansas;  while  in 
some  regions  the  potters  exposed  their  wares  to  the  smoke  of 
pitch  pine  or  other  substance  which  made  it  black  and  glossy. 

The  pottery  in  Missouri  except  that  found  hear  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  is  nearly  all  poorly  made  and  of  simple  form,  usu- 
ally that  known  as  "‘cocoanut”  because  resembling  a cocoanut 
with  one  end  cut  off,  and  seldom  showing  any  attempt  at  decora- 
tion. Some  of  it,  from  mounds  along  the  Missouri  river,  is 
shown  in  case  6.  In  the  same  case  is  a fine  vessel  from  Saline 
county,  of  a type  not  found  elsewhere  in  the  State. 

It  is  a common  belief  that  pottery  coming  from  the  Missouri- 
Arkansas  district  is  obtained  principally,  if  not  entirely,  from 
mounds.  It  is  true  that  some  mounds,  erected  as  tombs  or 


27 


monuments,  contain  such  objects;  but  compared  with  the  total 
number  these  are  few.  The  large  mounds  as  a rule  yield  very 
little  earthenware  or  anything  else ; and  it  would  seem  that  even 
the  few  articles  found  in  them  were  mostly  deposited  while  earth 
was  being  heaped  up  for  some  other  purpose  than  a burial  place. 
In  fact,  it  is  probable  that  ninety  per  cent  or  even  more  of  the 
mounds  in  that  section  were  built  from  some  motive  which  did 
not  include  either  funeral  rites  or  burial  of  property. 

The  principal  finds  are  almost  invariably  made  in  ceme- 
teries connected  with  village-sites,  frequently  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  mounds  though  often  several  hundred  yards  from 
the  nearest  one.  Usually  one,  sometimes  two,  rarely  three  ves- 
sels are  found  with  a skeleton.  Occasionally  a large  number  of 
interments  were  made  in  a mound;  and  when  all,  or  most,  of 
these  bodies  had  objects  placed  with  them  the  aggregate  is 
quite  impressive. 

In  the  vicinity  of  salt  or  sulphur  springs,  Indians  were  ac- 
customed to  make  large  saucer-shaped  vessels  of  pottery,  which 
they  set  in  shallow  holes  in  the  ground  and  kept  filled  with  the 
mineral  water  until  a considerable  thickness  of  salt  was  formed. 
This  was  scraped  out  for  use  or  sale.  The  type  of  salt  pan  is 
seen  in  case  50. 

The  pottery  in  the  collection  of  the  Society  is  nearly  all 
from  southeastern  Missouri,  northeastern  Arkansas,  and  the 
American  Bottoms  opposite  Saint  Louis.  The  last  was  col- 
lected mostly  by  the  late  Dr.  J.  J.  R.  Patrick,  of  Belleville,  Ills. 

PERISHABLE  MATERIALS. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  even  the  most  extensive 
archaeological  collection  can  represent  but  a very  small  propor- 
tion of  the  possessions  of  aboriginal  people.  Objects  of  stone 
were  few  as  compared  with  those  of  wood,  fiber,  cloth,  and 
skins  or  leather,  all  which  soon  decayed  and  utterly  disappeared. 


28 


INDEX 


Aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Mis- 
souri, 4. 

Abundance  of  stone  implements, 
10;  reasons  for,  10. 

Adzes,  11. 

Agate,  19. 

Agriculture  among  Indians,  21. 

Antler,  26. 

Argillite,  19. 

Arkansas  pottery,  27. 

Arrowheads,  flint,  always  small, 
22;  various  forms  for  different 
purposes,  22;  hunting,  23;  war, 
23;  perforators  for  hunting,  24; 
primary  forms,  22. 

Awls,  25. 

Axes,  grooved,  how  made,  8;  how 
hafted,  11;  most  abundant  in 
central  United  States,  11;  names 
of  different  parts,  11;  not 
found  in  mounds,  11 ; restricted 
in  area,  11. 

Bannerstones,  17. 

Basanite,  19. 

Beads,  of  shell,  26. 

Beveled  flints,  24;  used  as  skin- 
ning knives,  25. 

Beveling,  usually  to  left,  24 ; ob- 
ject of,  25. 

Bone,  26 ; ornaments,  26 ; tools, 
for  working  flint,  8 ; tools  for 
other  purposes,  26. 

Bread,  making,  13;  substances 
used  for,  13. 

Bunts,  24;  made  from  broken  ar- 
rowheads, 24 ; purpose  of,  24. 

Buried  objects;  see  caches. 

Caches,  contents  personal  proper- 
ty, 20,  21;  sacrificial,  20;  unfin- 
ished specimens,  20. 

Canoes,  how  made,  12. 


Carboniferous  limestone.  Lower, 
full  of  chert,  9. 

Carving  bone  or  shell  with  flint, 
25. 

Celts,  hatchets,  or  tomahawks, 
11;  how  hafted,  11;  widely  dis- 
tributed, 11. 

Celt-scrapers,  18. 

Ceremonial  flints,  25. 

Ceremonials,  how  made,  17;  mate- 
rials used  for,  16. 

Ceremonial  stones,  various  forms 
of,  17. 

Chalcedony,  19. 

Chert,  a variety  of  flint,  19;  com- 
mon in  Mississippi  valley,  19 ; 
distribution  of,  19;  other  silice- 
ous or  flinty  stone,  19. 

Chipped  implements,  19;  mostly 
of  siliceous  stone,  19. 

Chung-kee,  game  of,  played  with 
discoidal  stones,  15. 

Clay  in  southeast  Missouri,  suit- 
able for  pottery,  9. 

Cloth  making,  6. 

Club  heads  of  stone,  12,  14. 

“Cocoanut  pottery,”  27. 

Coiled  pottery,  27. 

Comparison  of  mound  and  surface 
specimens,  9. 

Cones,  18. 

Cooking,  methods  of,  among  In- 
dians, 6. 

Copper,  never  tempered,  8. 

Cremation  of  bodies,  5. 

Cupstones,  13;  abundance  of,  13; 
purpose  not  known,  13;  theories 
of  use,  13;  wide  distribution,  13. 

Development  of  industries  among 
Indians,  7. 

Difficulties  of  living  in  primitive 


29 


conditions,  6. 

Discoidal  stones,  15;  distribution, 
15;  for  playing  “Chung-kee”, 
15;  other  purposes  of,  16;  vari- 
ety of  forms  and  materials,  15, 
16. 

Disks,  flint,  20;  great  numbers  of, 
in  caches,  20,  21;  Montezuma 
mound  find,  Illinois,  21 ; pur- 
pose of,  uncertain,  20;  wide 
distribution  of,  20. 

Drills,  25. 

Felling  trees,  12. 

Flakes,  as  fishing  implements, 
lancets,  razors,  20. 

Flint,  9,  19;  abundance  of,  19; 
various  stones  included  in  the 
term,  19;  where  found,  19. 

Flint,  arrowheads,  22,  24;  cere- 
monials, 25;  knives,  22,  25;  per- 
forators or  drills,  25;  spear 
heads,  22. 

Flint  arrowheads,  22;  beveled 
forms,  24;  bunts,  24;  knives,  22; 
scrapers,  24;  serrated  forms,  24; 
spear  heads,  22. 

Flint  hoes  and  spades,  sources  of 
material,  21. 

Flint  implement,  longest  fine  one 
known,  26. 

Flint  implements,  chipped,  large, 
20,  21,  22;  small,  22,  23,  24, 
25;  methods  of  making,  19,  20, 
22;  unfinished,  in  caches,  20,  21; 
why  buried,  21. 

Flint  points,  how  shaped,  19; 
names  of  different  parts,  24; 
only  small  ones  used  for  arrow- 
heads, 22;  primary  forms,  leaf- 
shape  or  triangular,  22;  pur- 
pose of  notches,  22;  war  and 
hunting  forms,  23. 

Franklin  county,  Missouri,  hema- 
tite mine  in,  9,  18. 


Glazing  pottery,  27.  ? 

Gorgets,  17. 

Grains  as  foods,  13. 

Graving  tools,  25. 

Grinding  stones,  13. 

Grooved  axes,  11. 

Halting  implements,  11. 

Hammer  stones,  12. 

Handles  for  axes,  adzes,  and  toma- 
hawks, 11. 

Hematite,  9,  17,  18;  for  ceremoni- 
als or  ornaments,  17 ; for  paint, 
18;  how  worked,  18;  implements 
made  of,  17,  18;  mine  in  Frank- 
lin county,  Missouri,  9,  18. 

Hemispheres,  18. 

Hoes,  flint,  notched,  22;  distribu- 
tion of,  21;  sources  of  material, 

21. 

Horn,  26. 

Hornstone,  19. 

Humphreys  county,  Tennessee, 
rare  flints  from,  26. 

Hunting  arrows,  23. 

Implements  of  stone,  11 ; charac- 
ter of  work  done  with,  12;  man- 
ner of  hafting,  11;  materials 
for,  7,  9;  relative  age  of  rough 
and  delicate  specimens,  8. 

Indians  of  Missouri,  4;  agricul- 
ture, 6,  21 ; clothing,  6,  7 ; diffi- 
culties of  existence  among,  6; 
domestic  life,  6,  7 ; fire-making, 
6;  hindrances  to  advancement, 
6 ; implements,  6 ; industries,  7 ; 
methods  of  cooking,  6. 

Indian  tribes  in  Missouri,  4;  mi- 
gration of,  from  East,  4. 

Industries,  Indian,  poorly  repre- 
sented in  museums,  28;  vary 
with  materials,  7. 

Jasper,  19. 

Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  flint 
quarries  in,  19. 


30 


Knives,  flint,  22,  25;  of  other  ma- 
terials, 6. 

Large  flint  injplements,  20,  21. 

Materials  for  chipped  implements, 
19;  for  other  implements  or  for 
ornaments,  7,  8,  16,  17. 

Meal,  grinding,  13,  14. 

Metals  for  tools  8. 

Migration  of  Siouan  tribes  4,  5. 

Missouri,  Indian  tribes  in,  4,  5; 
Mound  Builders,  5. 

Montezuma  disks,  21. 

Mortars,  13;  materials  of,  13. 

Mound  pottery,  27. 

Mound  specimens,  not  superior  to 
those  from  the  surface,  9. 

Mounds  of  Missouri,  age  of,  5; 
near  Saint  Louis,  5;  with  burial 
vaults,  5. 

Mound  Builders  in  Missouri,  5. 

Mullers  as  grinders,  hammers,  or 
pestles,  14. 

Needles,  25,  26. 

Net  sinkers,  12,  14. 

Novaculite,  white,  19;  colored,  19. 

Nuts  as  food,  13. 

Objects  for  decorative  purposes, 
16. 

Obsidian,  19. 

Omaha,  meaning  of  name,  4; 
tribes  in  Missouri,  5. 

Ornaments,  of  copper,  9;  of  shell, 
26;  of  stone,  16. 

Painted  pottery,  27. 

Perforated  stones,  14;  uses  of,  14. 

Perforators,  flint,  25;  other  mate- 
rials, 26;  uses  of,  25,  26. 

Perishable  materials,  28. 

Pestles,  13,  14;  forms  of,  14;  how 
used,  14. 

Pipes,  14;  definite  or  conventional 
forms  of,  14;  effigies,  15;  mate- 
rials of,  15;  variety  of  forms, 
15. 


Pitted  stones,  12. 

Plummets,  18. 

Polishing  stones,  13,  27. 

Potters’  wheel,  27. 

Pottery,  26;  cloth-wrapped,  27; 
cocoanut  form,  27;  coiled,  27; 
from  central  Missouri,  poorly 
made,  27 ; from  mounds  in  cen- 
tral Missouri,  27 ; from  south- 
east Missouri  and  Arkansas, 
mostly  from  cemeteries,  28; 
glazing,  27 ; great  variation  in 
form  and  finish,  27;  how  made, 
27;  molded,  27;  not  abundant 
in  mounds  of  southeast  Mis- 
souri, 28;  painted,  27;  salt 
pans,  28 ; stamped  or  pad- 
died  in  making,  27. 

Pottery  stoppers  for  water  bot- 
tles, 27. 

Primary  types  of  small  flints, 

22. 

Quapaw,  meaning  of  name,  4. 

Quarrying  flint,  19. 

Quartz,  quartzite,  quartz  crystal, 
19. 

Rhyolite,  19. 

Rotary  flints,  24. 

Rubbing  stones,  13. 

Rude  implements  not  necessarily 
ancient,  8,  9. 

Saint  Louis  mounds,  5. 

Salt  pans,  28. 

Scarcity  of  aboriginal  perishable 
material.  28. 

Scrapers,  flint,  uses  of,  24. 

Scraper-celts,  17,  18. 

Seeds  as  food,  13. 

Serrated  flints,  24. 

Serration,  how  produced,  24;  ob- 
ject of,  24. 

Shell,  9,  12,  26;  for  ornaments, 
26;  for  tools,  12;  for  wampum. 


31 


26;  numerous  objects  made  of, 
12,  26. 

Siliceous  stones,  various  names 
for,  19. 

Sinkers  for  net  and  fish  lines,  12, 
14. 

Siouan  tribes,  migrations  of,  4 ; 
in  Missouri,  5. 

Skins,  tanning,  7. 

Small  flints,  types  of,  22. 

Southeast  Missouri  pottery,  27, 
28. 

Spades,  flint,  21,  22;  distribution 
of,  21;  sources  of  material,  21. 

Spades,  of  other  material  than 
stone,  22. 

Spalls,  uses  of,  19. 

Spear  heads,  flint,  22. 

Specimens,  only  durable  materials 
preserved,  28;  abundance  of,  10; 
mound  and  surface  compared, 
9;  reasons  for  abundance,  10. 

Spuds,  18. 

Stone  for  axes,  etc.,  how  worked, 
8;  where  obtained,  7. 

Stone  club  heads,  12,  14. 

Stone  hammers,  12. 

Stone  implements,  abundance  of, 
10;  reasons  for  so  many,  10; 


time  required  in  making,  8. 

Stone  sinkers  for  fish  lines  and 
nets,  12,  14. 

Stones  for  grinding  and  polishing, 
13;  for  ornaments,  how  worked, 
17 ; for  smoothing  pottery,  13, 
27. 

Stone-vault  burial  mounds,  5. 

Stone  working  a special  art,  8,  9. 

Tanning  skins,  7. 

Teeth  as  tools,  26. 

Tempered  copper  a myth,  8. 

Tennessee  flints,  from  Humphreys 
county,  26. 

Time  required  for  shaping  stone 
implements,8. 

Trees,  how  felled,  12. 

Tubes,  14;  uses  of,  15. 

Types  of  small  flints,  22. 

Union  county,  Illinois,  flint  quar- 
ries, 19. 

Wampum,  shell,  26. 

Work  done  with  stone  tools,  8,  12. 

Worked  objects,  aboriginal,  des- 
cription of,  7,  11. 

Working  in  flint,  19;  in  other 
stone,  8. 

Working  wood  with  stone  tools,  12. 


32 


PLATE  III 


Top;  Spud-like  Hatchet.  Hatchet  or  Tomahawk  (8  inches  long),  and  Grooved  Ax. 
Bottom:  Grooved  Ax.  Double  Edged  Ax  (7  inches  long). 


PLATE  IV 

Top;  Stone  Hatchet  in  Portion  o£  Original  Handle  (13  inches  long). 

Center:  Grooved  Ax,  Showing  Method  o£  Ha£ting.  Ax  with  Two  Grooves  (6  in.  long). 
Bottom:  Pestles  natural  size). 


r- 


PLATE  V 

Top:  Effigy  Pipe  (7  inches  long). 

Bottom:  Various  Forms  of  Pipes,  Stone  and  Clay  natural  size). 


PLATE  VI 

Upper:  Grooved  Axes  o£  Hematite  ore  natural  size). 

Lower:  Plummets,  Celts  and  Hemispliere,  of  Hematite  ore  natural  size). 


Z 

^ r. 


-a  ^ 


CL|  C 


c/n  c 


O o 

. c 


d ^ 


> Si 

•S  ^ o 
— 02 

3 ^ 

O 


PLATE  IX 


PLATE  X 

Flint  K nives--  M issouri  Types. 


PLATE  XI 


Part  o£  a Cacke  on  Moreau  Creek,  in  Cole  County,  Mo.  Length  o£  largest,  18  incke: 


PLATE  XII 

Perforators  Unusual  Forms  of  I lints,  Some  Representing  Beveled  and  Serrated  Flints 

(i  natural  size).  Animal  Forms  (',  natural  size).  (i  natural  size.) 


PLATE  XIII 

I.  Disk  (2^  inches).  2.  Method  of  Hafting  Knives  (10^  Inches).  3.  S(one 
Hammer  (2i  inches).  4.  Pipe  (Forehead  to  Chin  3 inches).  5.  Knives 

natural  size).  6.  Spade  (9^  inches).  7 and  8.  Ceremonial  Stones  (1-5  natural  size). 
9.  Cultivators  or  Digging  Tools  (1-7  natural  size).  10.  Knives  ( natural  size). 

II.  Muller  natural  size).  12.  Knife  (8^f  inches).  13.  Stone  Hammer 
(i  natural  size). 


PLATE  XIV 

JVfnseum  of  the  Missouri  ITisiorical  Society. 


■ ' v’V','-' 


■'1, 


